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A Secret Cold War-era Deal Lets British Jets Shadow Russian Bombers When They Fly Near A Vital Atlantic Chokepoint
A Russian Tu-95 strategic bomber over the Kremlin in Moscow in May 2015.ALEXANDER NEMENOV/AFP via Getty Images
Since the 1950s, Ireland has allowed British jets to intercept Russian aircraft near Irish airspace.
Ireland's west coast overlooks North Atlantic waters that the Russians and NATO keep a close eye on.
The deal allowing the intercepts has long been secret, and Irish lawmakers now want more details.
If Russian bombers fly near Ireland, they may be intercepted by fighter jets — but not Irish ones.
Under a secret agreement between the UK and the Republic of Ireland that dates back more than 70 years, Britain will defend Irish airspace from intrusions by Russian aircraft and other aerial threats.
The deal has been amended by Irish leaders over the years, but it has also been kept secret due to Irish memories of British rule and tensions over Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the UK after Ireland was partitioned in 1921.
The deal now faces rising backlash, however. An Irish senator filed a lawsuit last year arguing the deal is unconstitutional. The growing power of Sinn Fein — an Irish republican party historically opposed to British influence — could also affect the future of the agreement.
On the other hand, rising tensions between the West and Russia could jeopardize Ireland's traditional neutrality and challenge its meager military, which is primarily oriented for UN peacekeeping missions.
There is "growing alarm among the Irish public and its European governmental neighbors at Ireland's woefully neglected defense capabilities," Michael Mulqueen, a professor at Britain's University of Central Lancashire and an expert on Irish national security, told Insider.
Irish Air Corps PC-9s fly by an Irish navy patrol vessel in August 2006.Irish Defense Forces
With barely any warplanes and few anti-aircraft weapons, Ireland has little ability to defend its airspace, whether from Russian bombers, hijacked airliners, or even drug smugglers in private jets. According to the Irish Times, Ireland is probably more dependent on Britain for air defense now "than at any point since the first agreement in 1952."
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Since 2014, when Russia seized Crimea and set off a new period of tensions, British fighters have scrambled several times to intercept Russian bombers off Ireland's west coast. Russia also conducted live-fire naval exercises off the Irish coast in 2022, despite Irish protests.
Ireland has also been lumped in to the Kremlin's threats to the UK: In 2022, Moscow threatened to annihilate the British Isles with a nuclear-induced tsunami, releasing an animated video that showed the bomb detonating off the coast of Northern Ireland.
The ire over the deal reflects Britain and Ireland's contentious relationship. There are bitter memories on both sides but also a long history of exchange. Despite Ireland's neutrality in World War II, an estimated 80,000 of its citizens joined the British military, and its government allowed British anti-submarine aircraft to fly over Irish territory to hunt German U-boats.
The current Anglo-Irish defense agreement is rooted in mutual practicality. Ireland occupies a strategic position on the UK's western flank and adjacent to the Greenland-Iceland-UK Gap, a vital maritime chokepoint that the British and other NATO militaries are keen to monitor.
During the Cold War, British aerial protection spared a small nation — and a poor one in the 1950s — the need to fund expensive air defenses. Beefing those defenses up now would essentially mean starting from scratch.
Irish soldiers test-fire RBS-70 short-range air-defense missiles in September 2019.Saab
The Irish military has a few short-range RBS-70 surface-to-air missiles that can reach 16,000 feet, backed by Giraffe search radars. When President Joe Biden visited Ireland in April, there were fears he would be vulnerable because the Giraffes weren't working.
In 1998, the Irish Air Corps replaced its only jets — a handful of old French-made Fouga Magister trainers — with eight PC-9M Pilatus propeller-driven trainers that have "speed, height, and agility capabilities broadly equivalent with that of British Hurricanes and Spitfires of World War II," Mulqueen said.
The PC-9M has a top speed of 368 mph and a maximum altitude of 25,000 feet and is armed with two .50-caliber machine guns, meaning it's unlikely to catch let alone shoot down a Russian Tu-160 bomber, which can reach speeds of Mach 1.6, or about 1,228 mph, and altitudes of 60,000 feet.
A retired Air Corps pilot told the Irish Times that the PC-9M's effective altitude was only about 10,000 feet, making it "very capable of intercepting something slow-moving" like a Cessna but not much else.
In 2022, an Irish government commission recommended purchasing 24 jet fighters, but with a 2022 defense budget of just $1.3 billion for a military of only 8,200 active-duty personnel that purchase doesn't seem likely.
The issue is complicated by uncertainty about whether British fighters could legally bring down an aircraft in Irish airspace. Mulqueen said that official Irish and British statements suggest British pilots could intercept intruders but not actually shoot at them.
A British Typhoon jet intercepts a Russian Tu-95 bomber off of northwest Scotland in March 2020.Royal Air Force
"Consequently, actors seeking to attack the UK have a coherent rationale to devise a secondary list of high-value targets over Ireland, so that they can mitigate the risks of RAF interception over Irish airspace," Mulqueen told Insider.
Sinn Fein — Ireland's main opposition party — has only said that it wants more information about the defense agreement before deciding whether to oppose it. Should Sinn Fein take power in the future, it would be responsible for Ireland's security, including its air defense.
Ultimately, Ireland, an EU member-state, will have to decide whether to participate in European defense. Given the state of the Irish military, that could mean even more cooperation with the UK.
"It wasn't that long ago that our neighbor was oppressing us," defense correspondent Sean O'Riordan wrote in a recent opinion piece for the Irish Examiner. "Now it's our protector, because we took our eye off the ball and effectively surrendered our neutrality by penny-pinching on our own defense."
Michael Peck is a defense writer whose work has appeared in Forbes, Defense News, Foreign Policy magazine, and other publications. He holds a master's in political science. Follow him on Twitter and LinkedIn.
Read the original article on Business Insider
LinkedIn Networking: How To Write A Cold Outreach Email
Networking on LinkedIn requires authenticity.
gettyNetworking has been described as "getting to rub elbows with people who like to geek out about the same things you do." As accurate (and as fun) as that sounds, growing our network virtually often lacks this joy. Most people are repulsed by cold outreach — both the act of doing the outreach and receiving it.
This fear of cold outreach exists for a reason: it has a history of being done so poorly. On a daily basis, I receive terrible cold outreach emails via LinkedIn. Here are just a few examples I've received in the last few months.
Would you consider responding to this one?
Example of failed cold outreach
Leadership Story LabNo. And here's why: there's no personalization or specification. What "transaction" is he talking about? The phrase "I appreciate meeting and networking with successful people," is as vague as it is cringeworthy. It makes the sender sound desperate to ingratiate himself with successful people when he cares neither their business nor them personally. Further, half the message is about the sender's assistant Alan. The forced formalities and phony "I'll have my people call your people" laungage make it appear that the sender is parading around in attempts to sound important—important enough to have an assistant named Alan.
No thanks. There is nothing sincere or inviting about this message. So let's look at another example that isn't quite as generic as the one above, but that still earned the same treatment: complete disregard. Here it is:
Esther, Our businesses and passion for storytelling have a lot in common. You can learn more at <link to my website>. I would like to see if you have an interest in being on our podcast. My background is in pharma, coaching, teaching and I have a PhD. I look forward to connecting.
The first sentence, even though awkwardly phrased, does make an attempt to show some connection between the sender and recipient, but it's vague. It's almost like saying, "We both ate breakfast this morning, so we have a lot in common." And then, painfully, it only gets worse from there. The rest of the message is all about the sender. Their website, their degrees, their podcast, their interests.
This message is cold and transactional. I need X, you have X, I've got credentials, so give me X. There's no joy or geeking out. There's no conversation. What's more, the message is shallow; it's likely this exact message was probably sent to every other person on LinkedIn who has used the keyword "storytelling" in their bio. Who would want to respond to this message?
Let's look at one more example of a failed cold outreach email. This one attempts to be more conversational and makes gestures toward personalization, but it is just as poorly received as the prior messages.
Example of failed flattery from LinkedIn
Leadership Story LabIn this message, the sender again fails to make a convincing case that they know anything about the person she is trying to connect with. "You are incredible" and "You are a wealth of knowledge" fail as flattery because there's no follow up with specification. What is so incredible? How has the sender come across this wealth of knowledge? What on earth is she talking about?
The second failure (beyond the poor grammar and run-on sentences) is that the self-deprecation raises red flags. While humility is a virtue that helps people connect, proverbially slouching through LinkedIn removes any joy or desire for connection. Why would someone want to connect with a person who seems to value their own potential so poorly?
The third failure is the call to action, "Would you have time for a call?" is as vague and meaningless as the sender's flattery. If someone were to respond to this LinkedIn message, what would the phone call even be about?
From these three examples, we've learned what not to do:
The Secret to Successful Online Networking
Think of a time when you were waiting in line at the airport and you struck up a conversation with the person in front you. The conversation flows easily. You discover you both travel frequently for your jobs and you trade tips on which airports have the best food choices. When it's time to go through security, you part ways smiling. What was so pleasant about that interaction? You felt seen and understood. This is the scenario you want to create when networking on LinkedIn. How can you make the person you want to connect with feel seen and understood?
Let's look at some real examples of networking experiences that received responses. In a prior article, filmmaker Bryce McNabb, shared how he networks on LinkedIn by commenting on posts. He observes that authenticity is key to cold outreach: "I didn't want to be seen as fake and trying to get something from you. You can totally feel that and it's offensive. So I didn't force it. I made a point to only ever comment if I genuinely had something thoughtful to contribute."
Unlike the cold emails above, commenting on a person's posts is inherently more conversational. By default, you demonstrate your interest in their subject matter by reading their work and expanding on it or asking a good follow up question.
Another successful example of cold outreach also highlights authentic interest in the work of the person being reached out to:
Dear Jennifer,
Last night I was elated to read about your book, We Need To Talk: A Memoir About Wealth in the NYT article by Paul Sullivan. Serendipitously, I've been working with a research partner the last few months interviewing twenty-two first generation wealth creators.
What's remarkable about your book is that you're telling your story openly, something that is extremely hard to find. My interviewees were all either trusted friends or trusted friends of friends. We promised confidentiality and anonymity. And even then they were tentative to talk about their stories involving wealth.
The one thing I have going for the research is that no one had ever asked them the questions I am interested in. So they're intrigued and ready to reflect.
I just ordered your book and am so looking forward to reading it. You must constantly be pinged by people. I hope you don't mind my outreach. I hope to learn from your story so that the research report can be all that more enriching for the public.
The differences between the failed examples and this example, which elicited a response within hours of sending the message, are drastic, but let's take a look. Here's why this cold outreach email worked:
Let's take a look at the third example of networking that is short and simple.
Successful cold outreach message
Leadership Story LabLike Bryce's approach, this example of a cold-outreach email focuses on carrying the conversation forward, simply and briefly. She acknowledges the recipient's work and provides her interpretation in a way that demonstrates what she appreciates about it. In just one sentence the sender makes the recipient feel seen and understood.
The secret to successful networking on LinkedIn is this: Be human.
Humans thrive on conversation that is meaningful, specific, and demonstrates genuine interest and authenticity. So don't be afraid to geek out and share authentically with a person you really want to connect with. You won't regret it: You may find a new collaborator or business opportunity, or even a new friend.
FYI: There May Be An Actual Reason You Are Always Cold
© Fizkes/Getty Images cold woman wrapped in blanket You don't need a Ph.D. In gender studies to know that men and women are built differently -- inside and out. For instance, men grow more hair than women, especially on their faces, and men tend to be more muscular while women are curvier. These are physical traits that help you differentiate between men and women. Beyond the surface, there are also natural structures of male and female bodies that give them distinctly different sensitivity levels to the same outside influences. For example, men are wired in such a way that they can handle the cold better than women.
Picture this: you're running with your male partner in a park. As you're freezing under your sweater in the morning cold, your partner is sweating in his T-shirt and shorts. Or, when you're curled up on your sofa under a blanket, your partner insists on turning off the heater because they don't feel cold at all. This is not an anomaly; women are physiologically predisposed to feel colder than men. Here's why.
Women Evaporate Less Body Heat Than Men
© New Africa/Shutterstock woman sitting next to a heater Men and women have steady inner body temperatures of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, with women's core body temperatures being 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit higher on average than men's. Although most women have a higher core body temperature than men, the inequalities of sensation lie in the temperature of their skin.
According to osteopathic family physician Dr. Rob Danoff, men tend to have a greater muscle mass than women which helps them generate more heat through their skin and keep them warm (via Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine). "But since women typically have less muscle mass and evaporate less heat through the pores in their skin, they might feel colder than men in a room with the same air temperature," he says.
For this reason, the temperature at which men and women are most comfortable is never exactly the same. Numerous studies suggest that the optimal room temperature for males is approximately 71 degrees Fahrenheit, and for women, it's approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit.
Hormonal Differences Also Contribute To The Problem
© Photoroyalty/Shutterstock woman feeling cold Hormonal differences also have a substantial impact on skin and internal body temperatures. For instance, estrogen is a steroid hormone found in both men and women, but women have higher levels of it. Estrogen widens the blood vessels in the body, which increases blood flow to the skin surface and allows more body heat to escape. This explains why women frequently experience feeling colder. Women's hormonal levels usually fluctuate throughout their menstrual cycles and women tend to feel colder during their periods.
Men also have far more testosterone, on average, than women do. Testosterone is in charge of regulating the body temperature in both men and women and low testosterone levels are associated with increased sensitivity to the cold.
Researchers from the University of Utah, in a study published in 2017, also confirmed that women's hands were found to be typically 2.8 degrees Fahrenheit colder than men's hands (via Medical Xpress). They say that this could be because women often have higher levels of body fat compared to men; this protects their vital organs but also limits blood flow to their hands and feet.
Childbirth, Menopause, And Birth Control Can Make Women Feel Colder
© Natalia Deriabina/Shutterstock new mom just after birth Cold, tingling sensations are a normal occurrence among women who have just given birth as a result of heat and fluid loss during delivery. They are commonly referred to as "post-partum chills." It's also common for women to experience frequent episodes of shivering sensations running all over their bodies after they enter the perimenopausal or menopausal phase. These cold flashes usually last for a couple of minutes. Cold flashes typically happen when the levels of estrogen in the body drop as a result of hormonal fluctuations.
Women's health specialist Holly L. Thacker, MD, explains to Cleveland Clinic, saying, "During midlife, your hormones are fluctuating. With fluctuating hormones, your brain's internal thermostat becomes more sensitive. This means you may suddenly notice feeling either hot or cold sensations." Adding layers while indoors or having a jacket handy when you're out and about will help you feel more comfortable.
Birth control can also make women feel colder than usual. According to Fleur Women's Health, taking birth control can raise your body temperature throughout the whole month, which will alter your basal body temperature and make you extra sensitive to the cold. Once you're off birth control, your body temperature will return to normal.
Men Have Faster Metabolic Rates Than Women
© Yuricazac/Shutterstock woman feeling cold in rain Metabolic rates also influence how men and women react to temperature. This is the pace at which your food and drinks are converted into energy to sustain and warm the body. A faster metabolic rate is linked to a higher body temperature, and higher body temperatures tend to accelerate metabolism.
Compared to men, women have lower metabolic rates at all temperatures, according to a 2021 study published in "Energy and Buildings." Their slower metabolisms cause them to produce less heat. Women (and men) also tend to feel cold more quickly as they age because metabolic rates tend to slow as they become older.
An article published in the "Journal of Applied Physiology" also points out that the amount of energy burned is 23% greater in the male body than in the female body. For this reason, men tend to feel more comfortable in chilly conditions than women.
Workplace Thermostats Are Built For Men's Comfort
© Antonio Guillem/Shutterstock woman feeling cold in office If you always feel cold in your office, it's because the thermostats are set to favor the comfortability of your male colleagues, not you. This likely has to do with the history of gender and labor roles.
The parameters determining the indoor temperature in buildings follow a thermal comfort standard from the 1960s, according to research published in the journal "Nature Climate Change." The metabolic rate, one of the key factors used for the thermostats, is based on that of an average male instead of a female. This is most likely due to the fact that there were more men than women in the workplace in the '60s. As a result, building structures are inefficient in offering comfort to female workers.
Numerous studies also suggest that women tend to operate at their maximum capacity when room temperatures are higher. Research published in "PLoS One" discovered that women perform better in math and word exams when they don't feel cold. Meanwhile, men did slightly better on similar questions with cooler room temperatures, according to the study. To boost women's productivity and level the playing field, thermostats should be set higher than present standards.
Read this next: The Wellness Trends Set To Take Over 2023
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